economies of fuel

fuel saving

A n économie f d'énergie.

B adj [measure, policy] favorisant les économies d'énergie.

1) экономика, (народное) хозяйство

- intensification of economy

- mechanics of economy

- multistructural character of the economy

- size of the economy

- private sector of the economy

- public sector of the economy

- economy undergoing changes

- economy's growth rate

- interpenetration of the economies

- interdependence of economies

- further slowing of economy

- critical state of the economy

- revitalization of the economy

- revival of the economy

- independent reconstruction of the economies of the newly independent countries

- revitalize the economy

- animate the economy

- destabilize the economy

- cripple the economy

- exhaust the economy

- diagnose the economy's ills

- make economy buoyant

- keep economy depressed

- put the economy on a wartime footing

- the economy is buoyant

- economy is faltering

- economy is facing a slump

2) экономия, бережливость

- economies in labour

- economies on the social services

- practise economy

•

- economies of fuel

- viable economy

- crisis free economy

- national economy

- overheated economy

- economy of scarcity

- closed economy

- complementary economies

- shortage economy

- healthy economy

- cohesive economy

- austerity economy

- competitive economies

- advanced economy

- agricultural economy

- monetary economy

- stagnant economy

- laissez-faire economy

- low pressure economy

- full employment economy

- sick economy

- farm economy

- self-sufficient economy

- centralized economy

- private enterprise economy

- steady-state economy

- shadow economy

- recast the world economy

- military economy

- exchange economy

- developing economy

- war economy

- controlled economy

- political economy

- peacetime economy

- sagging economy

- private economy

- business economy

- multistructure economy

- major economy

- defence economy

- ailing economy

- colonialist economy

- economy of high wages

- improved performance in world economy

- developing market economies

- high employment economy

- diversified economy

- stationary economy

- multibranch economy

- expanding economy

- give rise to a shadow economy

- economies of mass research

- state-run economy

- rigorous economy

- centrally planned economy

- plan-based economy

- market economies

- unbalanced economy

- industrial economy

- rural economy

- corporate economy

- money economy

- mixed economy

- mature economies

- subsistence economy

- high pressure economy

- rigid economy

- world economy

- Western industrial economies

- developed market economies

- economy of export resources

- branch of national economy

- free enterprise economy

- root out the shadow economy

- strict economy

- market-oriented economy

ек. 1. економіка; народне господарство; господарство; 2. економія; ощадливість; ощадність; економність

1. сфера суспільних відносин виробництва, обміну і споживання результатів людської діяльності, а також їхнього ефективного використання; 2. ощадливе використання і витрачання грошей, ресурсів (resources), робочої сили тощо організацією, підприємством, суспільством, країною і т. д.

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accounting economy розрахункова економія; advanced economy розвинена економіка; agricultural economy економіка сільського господарства; balanced economy збалансована економіка; barter economy бартерна економіка • економіка обмінної торгівлі; black economy тіньова економіка; business economy підприємницька економіка; capitalist economy капіталістична економіка; cash economy грошове господарство; centralized economy централізована економіка; centrally planned economy централізовано планована економіка; closed economy закрита економіка • ізольована економіка; command economy командна економіка; commercial economy підприємницька економіка; commodity economy товарна економіка; commodity-driven economy економіка, яка концентрується на виробленні товарів на продаж; competitive economyies конкурентні економіки; controlled economy контрольована економіка • централізоване управління економікою; corporate economy корпоративна економіка; decentralized exchange economy децентралізована ринкова економіка; dependent economy залежна економіка; developed economy розвинена економіка; developing economy економіка, що розвивається; directed economy контрольована економіка; distribution economy економіка розподілу; diversified economy багатогалузева економіка; domestic economy внутрішня економіка; dual economy подвійна економіка; dynamic economy динамічна економіка; engineering economy інженерна економіка; exchange economy ринкова економіка • економіка обміну; expanding economy економіка, що розвивається; external economyies економія, зумовлена зовнішніми факторами; free enterprise economy економіка вільного підприємництва; free market economy економіка вільного ринку; industrial economy промислова економіка; interindustry economyies міжгалузеві фактори економії; international economy міжнародна економіка; intertemporal economy міжчасова економіка; intraindustry economyies внутрішньогалузеві фактори економії; labour-surplus economy економіка з надлишком робочої сили; laissez-faire economy економіка вільної конкуренції; local economyies місцеве господарство; managed economy плановане господарство; market economy; market-directed economy економіка, керована ринком; market-driven economy економіка, керована ринком • економіка, в якій ринок відіграє провідну роль; market-orientated economy економіка, спрямована на розвиток ринкових зв'язків; mature economy дозріла економіка; mixed economy змішана економіка; monetary economy грошова економіка; municipal economy міське господарство; national economy народне господарство; open economy відкрита економіка; planned economy плановане господарювання • планована економіка; pluralistic economy плюралістична економіка; political economy політична економія; private enterprise economy приватнопідприємницька економіка; private ownership economy економіка приватної власності; productive economy продуктивна економіка; profitable economy прибуткове господарство; rigid economy негнучка економія; Robinson Crusoe economy економіка Робінзона Крузо; rural economy економіка сільського господарства; service economy економіка послуг; socialist economy соціалістична економіка; stable economy стабільна економіка; stagnant economy застійна економіка; static economy статична економіка; struggling economyies слабкі господарства; thriving economy процвітаюча економіка; transition economy економіка перехідного періоду • перехідна економіка; unstable economy нестабільна економіка; well-balanced economy збалансована економіка; world economy світова економіка • економіка світового господарства

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economies in constant capital економія на постійному капіталі; economies in labour економія на праці; economies in the means of production економія на засобах виробництва; economy in transition економіка перехідного періоду; economy of abundance бездефіцитна економіка; economies of division of labour економія ресурсів внаслідок спеціалізації; economies of fuel економія палива; economy of high wages економія з високою заробітною платою; economies of juxtaposition фактори економії, пов'язані із місцезнаходженням; economies of scale; economies of specialization фактори економії, зумовлені спеціалізацією; to improve the economy поліпшувати/поліпшити економіку; to promote the regional economy сприяти/посприяти розвиткові економіки окремих місцевостей; to regenerate the economy відбудовувати/відбудувати господарство; to restructure the economy перебудовувати/перебудувати економіку; to revive the economy пожвавлювати/пожвавити економіку; to stabilize the economy стабілізувати економіку • зміцнювати/зміцнити економіку; to strengthen the economy зміцнювати/зміцнити економіку

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економія < давньогр. οικονομια — ведення домашнього господарства (СІС 236); приклад з 1627 р. див.: Памва Беринда. Лексиконь славеноросскій и ймень тлькованіє: «Икономіа — ел. Господарство, зри строєніє и смотреніє» а також «Смотрѣніє, вочеловѣченіє Господнє, икономія, діспенсаціо, лат. ряженьє Божеє всѣм свѣтом» (ЕС-СУМ 2: 9)

1) Engineering: fuel conservation, fuel conservation practice, fuel saving

2) Railway term: saving of fuel

3) Accounting: economies of fuel

4) Automobile industry: economy of fuel, fuel economy

(бережливость) economy, retrenchment; (сбережения) saving

SUBJECT AREA: Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Schmidt was educated at Dresden Technical High School and worked as an assistant to a locksmith. He experimented with steam engines worked at extremely high pressures and developed ideas for using superheated steam. Two early types of locomotive superheater that he designed were tried out in Prussia in the late 1890s, but his firetube type, which was eventually successful, was first used in Belgium in 1901. Within ten years of its introduction, superheating using Schmidt-type superheaters was standard practice on large locomotives worldwide.

In the superheater, steam from the boiler is passed through tubular elements within the firetubes before passing to the cylinders. This raises the steam's temperature without increasing its pressure: advantages of doing so include increasing the volume of steam produced and reducing condensation in the cylinders, with consequent economies of fuel and water. Schmidt superheaters were first used in Britain in 1906 by George Hughes, Locomotive Superintendent of the Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, on two goods locomotives, and then by D.Earle Marsh on the London Brighton \& South Coast Railway; hefitted them to 4–4–2 express tank locomotives in 1908. These were conspicuously successful in comparative trials with equivalent non-superheated locomotives from the London \& North Western Railway.

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save [seɪv]

arrêt ⇒ 1 (a) sauvegarde ⇒ 1 (b) sauver ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (g) économiser ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c), 3 (a) epargner ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (d), 3 (b) mettre de côté ⇒ 2 (b) éviter ⇒ 2 (d) arrêter ⇒ 2 (f) sauvegarder ⇒ 2 (h), 3 (c) faire des économies(de) ⇒ 2 (c), 3 (a), 3 (b)

1 noun

(a) Football arrêt m;

∎ great save! superbe arrêt!

(b) Computing sauvegarde f;

∎ save command commande f de sauvegarde

2 transitive verb

(a) (rescue) sauver;

∎ she saved my life elle m'a sauvé la vie;

∎ the doctors managed to save her eyesight les médecins ont pu lui sauver la vue;

∎ to save sb from a fire/from drowning sauver qn d'un incendie/de la noyade;

∎ he saved me from making a terrible mistake il m'a empêché de faire une erreur monstrueuse;

∎ they had only the belongings they had saved from the flood ils n'avaient que les affaires qu'ils avaient sauvées de l'inondation;

∎ nothing can save their marriage now rien ne peut plus sauver leur mariage;

∎ to save a species from extinction sauver une espèce en voie de disparition;

∎ saved by the bell! sauvé par le gong!;

∎ familiar to save one's neck or skin or hide or bacon sauver sa peau;

∎ familiar I couldn't climb up there to save my life je serais incapable de grimper là-haut^□ ;

∎ familiar he can't sing/play tennis to save his life il chante/joue au tennis comme un pied;

∎ to save face sauver la face;

∎ to save the day sauver la mise

(b) (put by, keep → money) économiser, épargner, mettre de côté; (→ food, papers, old jars etc) garder, mettre de côté; (collect → stamps, cards) collectionner;

∎ I save £100 a month in a special account j'économise 100 livres par mois sur un compte spécial;

∎ how much money have you got saved? à combien se montent vos économies?, combien d'argent avez-vous mis de côté?;

∎ I'm saving money to buy a car je fais des économies pour acheter une voiture;

∎ I'll save you a place je te garderai une place;

∎ I always save the best part till last je garde toujours le meilleur pour la fin;

∎ to save oneself for sth se réserver pour qch;

∎ save a dance for me réservez-moi une danse;

∎ do you still save stamps? est-ce que tu collectionnes toujours les timbres?

(c) (economize on → fuel, electricity) économiser, faire des économies de; (→ money) économiser; (→ time, space) gagner; (→ strength) ménager, économiser;

∎ buy now and save £15! achetez dès maintenant et économisez 15 livres!;

∎ their advice saved me a fortune leurs conseils m'ont fait économiser une fortune;

∎ you'd save a lot of time if you used a computer vous gagneriez beaucoup de temps si vous utilisiez un ordinateur;

∎ a computer would save you a lot of time un ordinateur vous ferait gagner beaucoup de temps;

∎ I might as well have saved my breath j'aurais mieux fait d'économiser ma salive

(d) (spare → trouble, effort) éviter, épargner; (→ expense) éviter;

∎ it'll save you getting up early/going into town ça t'évitera de te lever tôt/d'aller en ville;

∎ thanks, you've saved me a trip/having to go myself merci, vous m'avez évité un trajet/d'y aller moi-même;

∎ this has saved him a great deal of expense/trouble cela lui a évité ou épargné beaucoup de dépense/peine

(e) (protect → eyes, shoes) ménager;

∎ God save the King/the Queen! vive le Roi/la Reine!

(f) Football (shot, penalty) arrêter;

∎ to save a goal arrêter ou bloquer un tir

(g) Religion (sinner, mankind) sauver, délivrer; (soul) sauver

(h) Computing (document) sauvegarder, enregistrer;

∎ to save sth to disk sauvegarder qch sur disquette;

∎ do you want to save changes? voulez-vous enregistrer les modifications?;

∎ save as… enregistrer sous…

3 intransitive verb

(a) (spend less) faire des économies, économiser;

∎ you save if you buy in bulk on fait des économies en achetant en gros;

∎ to save on fuel économiser sur le carburant

(b) (put money aside) faire des économies, épargner;

∎ I'm saving for a new car je fais des économies pour acheter une nouvelle voiture

(c) Computing sauvegarder, enregistrer

4 preposition

formal sauf, hormis;

∎ we'd thought of every possibility save one nous avions pensé à tout sauf à ça

5 save for preposition

à part;

∎ save for the fact that we lost, it was a great match à part le fait qu'on a perdu, c'était un très bon match;

∎ she was utterly alone, save for one good friend à part une seule amie, elle n'avait personne

►► Save the Children Fund = organisme international d'assistance à l'enfance

➲ save up

1 separable transitive verb

(put by, keep → money) économiser, épargner, mettre de côté; (→ food, papers, old jars etc) garder, mettre de côté; (collect → stamps, cards) collectionner;

∎ I'm saving up money to buy a car je fais des économies pour acheter une voiture

2 intransitive verb

faire des économies, épargner;

∎ I'm saving up for a new car je fais des économies pour acheter une nouvelle voiture

✾ Film 'Saving Private Ryan' Spielberg 'Il faut sauver le soldat Ryan'

saving.

ahorros savings

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: ahorrar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 saving

■ me supone un ahorro de 60 euros al mes it represents a saving of 60 euros a month

2 (cualidad) thrift

► nombre masculino plural ahorros

1 savings

■ tengo unos ahorros I have some savings

\

caja de ahorros savings bank

* * *

* * *

1) (=acto) [de dinero, energía, trabajo] saving

2) pl ahorros (=dinero) savings

3) (=cualidad) thrift

* * *

a) ( acción) saving

b) ahorros masculino plural ( cantidad) savings (pl)

* * *

= economy [economies, pl.], saving, cost saving [cost-saving], thrift, thriftiness.

Ex. In the interest of economy, and in order to avoid an overcomplex catalogue these rules recommend selective use of added entries.

Ex. Instead, a large scale saving of index entries is achieved by producing a general or blanket reference in some such form as the following: DICTIONARIES See names of individual subjects.

Ex. For many years, we have used the new technology to tinker with the existing system, to achieve cost savings in the backroom processes, and to produce paper products more cheaply and rapidly.

Ex. With his interest in the process of making something, the craftsman embodies the traditional work ethic, with his respect for people and his concern for quality and thrift.

Ex. Bubble and squeak is a triumph of thriftiness in that it uses leftover vegetables and meat.

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* ahorro de combustible = fuel saving.

* ahorro de dinero = savings in money.

* ahorro de energía = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy.

* ahorro de esfuerzo = savings in energy, savings in effort.

* ahorro de espacio = economy of space.

* ahorro de gastos = savings in costs.

* ahorro de personal = staff saving.

* ahorro de tiempo = time-saving [timesaving], economy of time, savings in time.

* ahorro energético = energy saving.

* ahorro en los costes = savings in costs.

* ahorros = savings, nest egg.

* ahorros considerables = economies of scale, scale economies.

* ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.

* ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.

* banco de ahorros mutualista = mutual savings bank.

* banco de ahorros mutuos = mutual savings bank.

* caja de ahorros = savings bank.

* campaña de ahorro = economy drive.

* cartilla de ahorros = passbook.

* cuenta de ahorro(s) = deposit account, savings account.

* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* echar mano a los ahorros = dip into + savings.

* estrategia de ahorro = saver.

* libreta de ahorros = passbook.

* medio de ahorro = economy measure.

* modo de ahorro de energía = power save mode.

* persona con ahorros = saver.

* * *

a) ( acción) saving

b) ahorros masculino plural ( cantidad) savings (pl)

* * *

* * *

1 (acción) saving

medidas para fomentar el ahorro measures to encourage saving

supone un gran ahorro de tiempo it saves a lot of time

le supuso un ahorro del 15% it saved him 15%, it meant a saving of 15%

2 ahorros mpl (cantidad) savings (pl)

tengo unos ahorros para cuando me jubile I have some money set aside o put by o I have some savings for when I retire

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ‹ dinero› to save (oneself)

b) ( evitarse) ‹molestia/viaje› to save oneself

a) ( acción) saving

◊ ahorros sustantivo masculino plural ( cantidad) savings (pl)

* * *

ahorro nm

1. [gasto menor] saving;

esta medida supone un ahorro de varios millones this measure means a saving of several millions;

medidas de ahorro energético energy-saving measures;

una campaña para fomentar el ahorro a campaign encouraging people to save;

este sistema es un ahorro de tiempo this system saves (you) time o is a time-saver

2.

* * *

1 saving;

ahorro energético, ahorro de energía energy saving

ahorros pl savings pl ;

caja de ahorros savings bank

* * *

ahorro nm

: saving

cuenta de ahorros: savings account

* * *

ahorro n saving

I v/t (Geld, Kosten, Kräfte, Mühe, Platz, Zeit) save; ich habe einiges gespart I’ve managed to save (up) a bit; viel Geld bei den Heizkosten sparen save a lot on heating bills; ich habe 100 Euro an der Reparatur gespart I saved 100 euros on the repair; das spart uns eine Menge Zeit und Geld this will save us a whole lot of time and money; sich (Dat) den Ärger / die Mühe sparen save ( oder spare) o.s. the hassle / trouble; das hättest du dir sparen können you could have saved ( oder spared) yourself the trouble ( oder effort); iro. you needn’t have bothered; spar dir deine Worte! save your breath; spar dir deine Ratschläge! I can do without your advice, you can keep your advice; sparen Sie sich solche Bemerkungen (you should) keep such remarks to yourself

II v/i save; (sich einschränken) cut down (on expenses), economize; für oder auf etw. sparen save up for s.th.; am falschen Ende sparen make false economies; sparen an (+ Dat) oder mit save on; (wenig verwenden) be sparing with; knauserig: stint on, be stingy with; daran sollte man auf keinen Fall sparen no way should you stint on this; nicht sparen mit be lavish ( oder generous) with; man hatte an nichts gespart no expense had been spared; nicht mit Lob sparen be lavish in one’s praise; bei jemandem nicht mit Lob sparen lavish praise on s.o.

* * *

to save; to economize; to cut down; to spare; to put away; to make economies

* * *

1. vt

2. vi

* * *

1) (to spend money or goods carefully: We must economize on fuel.) economize

2) (to spend money or goods carefully: We must economize on fuel.) economise

3) (to keep (money etc) for future use: He's saving (his money) to buy a bicycle; They're saving for a house.) save

4) (to avoid using, spending etc: He spared no expense in his desire to help us.) spare

* * *

I. vt

1. FIN (zurücklegen)

▪ etw \sparen to save sth

2. (einsparen)

▪ etw \sparen to save sth

Arbeit/Energie/Strom/Zeit \sparen to save work/energy/electricity/time

3. (ersparen)

▪ jdm/sich etw \sparen to spare sb/oneself sth

jdm/sich die Mühe/Ärger \sparen to spare sb/oneself the effort/trouble

den Weg hätten wir uns \sparen können we could have saved ourselves that journey

4. (verzichten)

▪ sich dat etw \sparen to keep sth to oneself

deinen Ratschlag hättest du dir \sparen können you could have kept your advice to yourself

II. vi

1. FIN (Geld zurücklegen) to save

▪ auf [o für] etw \sparen to save up for sth

2. (sparsam sein)

▪ [an etw dat] \sparen to economize [on sth]

nicht mit Anerkennung/Lob \sparen to be unstinting [or generous] in one's recognition/praise

am falschen Ende \sparen (fam) to be penny-wise and pound-foolish

* * *

transitives Verb save

1)

2) (sparsam wirtschaften) economize ( mit on)

* * *

A. v/t (Geld, Kosten, Kräfte, Mühe, Platz, Zeit) save;

ich habe einiges gespart I’ve managed to save (up) a bit;

viel Geld bei den Heizkosten sparen save a lot on heating bills;

ich habe 100 Euro an der Reparatur gespart I saved 100 euros on the repair;

das spart uns eine Menge Zeit und Geld this will save us a whole lot of time and money;

sich (dat)

den Ärger/die Mühe sparen save ( oder spare) o.s. the hassle/trouble;

das hättest du dir sparen können you could have saved ( oder spared) yourself the trouble ( oder effort); iron you needn’t have bothered;

spar dir deine Worte! save your breath;

spar dir deine Ratschläge! I can do without your advice, you can keep your advice;

sparen Sie sich solche Bemerkungen (you should) keep such remarks to yourself

B. v/i save; (sich einschränken) cut down (on expenses), economize;

für oder

auf etwas sparen save up for sth;

am falschen Ende sparen make false economies;

sparen an (+dat) oder

mit save on; (wenig verwenden) be sparing with; knauserig: stint on, be stingy with;

daran sollte man auf keinen Fall sparen no way should you stint on this;

nicht sparen mit be lavish ( oder generous) with;

man hatte an nichts gespart no expense had been spared;

nicht mit Lob sparen be lavish in one’s praise;

bei jemandem nicht mit Lob sparen lavish praise on sb

* * *

transitives Verb save

1)

2) (sparsam wirtschaften) economize ( mit on)

* * *

to economise (UK) v.

to economize (US) v.

to save v.

to spare v.

1) (frugality) Sparsamkeit, die; (of effort, motion) Wirtschaftlichkeit, die

2) (instance) Einsparung, die

3) (of country etc.) Wirtschaft, die

* * *

1) (the thrifty, careful management of money etc to avoid waste: Please use the water with economy; We must make economies in household spending.) die Sparsamkeit

2) (organization of money and resources: the country's economy; household economy.) die Wirtschaft

•

- academic.ru/23307/economic">economic

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[ɪˈkɒnəmi, AM -ˈkɑ:n-]

1. (system) Wirtschaft f; (national system) Volkswirtschaft f

subdued/ailing \economy gedämpfte/schwache Konjunktur

2. (thriftiness) Sparsamkeit f kein pl

for the purposes of \economy aus Ersparnisgründen

to make economies Einsparungen machen, Sparmaßnahmen durchführen

3. no pl (sparing use of sth) Ökonomie f, Wirtschaftlichkeit f

\economy of language prägnante Ausdrucksweise

economies pl of scope economies of scope pl, Verbundvorteile pl, Diversifikationsvorteile pl

economies of scale Economies of Scale pl, Skaleneffekte pl, Mengeneffekte pl, Größenvorteile pl, Größendegression f

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1) (system) Wirtschaft f no pl; (from a monetary aspect) Konjunktur f

2) (= saving in time, money) Sparmaßnahme f, Einsparung f

3) (= thrift) Sparsamkeit f

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economy [ıˈkɒnəmı; US ıˈkɑ-]

A s

1. Sparsamkeit f, Wirtschaftlichkeit f

2. fig

a) sparsame Anwendung (of gen)

b) Sparsamkeit f in den (künstlerischen) Mitteln:

dramatic economy dramatische Knappheit

3. a) Sparmaßnahme f

b) Einsparung f

c) Ersparnis f

4. WIRTSCH

a) Wirtschaft(ssystem) f(n)

b) Wirtschaftslehre f

5. organisches System, Anordnung f, Aufbau m

6. REL

a) göttliche Weltordnung

b) verständige Handhabung (einer Doktrin)

7. go ( oder travel) economy FLUG in der Economyklasse fliegen

B adj Spar…:

economy bottle;

economy car Wagen m mit geringen Betriebskosten;

economy class FLUG Economyklasse f;

in economy class in der Economyklasse;

go ( oder travel) economy class in der Economyklasse fliegen;

economy drive Sparmaßnahmen pl;

economy price günstiger oder niedriger Preis;

economy-priced billig, preisgünstig

econ. abk

1. economic

2. economics pl

3. economy

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1) (frugality) Sparsamkeit, die; (of effort, motion) Wirtschaftlichkeit, die

2) (instance) Einsparung, die

3) (of country etc.) Wirtschaft, die

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Wirtschaftlichkeit f.

Wirtschaftssystem n.

1) экономика; хозяйство

2) экономия; бережливость

•

- advanced economy

- policy of economy

- political economy

- state of the economy

- state-monopoly economy

I v/t (Geld, Kosten, Kräfte, Mühe, Platz, Zeit) save; ich habe einiges gespart I’ve managed to save (up) a bit; viel Geld bei den Heizkosten sparen save a lot on heating bills; ich habe 100 Euro an der Reparatur gespart I saved 100 euros on the repair; das spart uns eine Menge Zeit und Geld this will save us a whole lot of time and money; sich (Dat) den Ärger / die Mühe sparen save ( oder spare) o.s. the hassle / trouble; das hättest du dir sparen können you could have saved ( oder spared) yourself the trouble ( oder effort); iro. you needn’t have bothered; spar dir deine Worte! save your breath; spar dir deine Ratschläge! I can do without your advice, you can keep your advice; sparen Sie sich solche Bemerkungen (you should) keep such remarks to yourself

II v/i save; (sich einschränken) cut down (on expenses), economize; für oder auf etw. sparen save up for s.th.; am falschen Ende sparen make false economies; sparen an (+ Dat) oder mit save on; (wenig verwenden) be sparing with; knauserig: stint on, be stingy with; daran sollte man auf keinen Fall sparen no way should you stint on this; nicht sparen mit be lavish ( oder generous) with; man hatte an nichts gespart no expense had been spared; nicht mit Lob sparen be lavish in one’s praise; bei jemandem nicht mit Lob sparen lavish praise on s.o.

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to save; to economize; to cut down; to spare; to put away; to make economies

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1. vt

2. vi

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1) (to spend money or goods carefully: We must economize on fuel.) economize

2) (to spend money or goods carefully: We must economize on fuel.) economise

3) (to keep (money etc) for future use: He's saving (his money) to buy a bicycle; They're saving for a house.) save

4) (to avoid using, spending etc: He spared no expense in his desire to help us.) spare

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I. vt

1. FIN (zurücklegen)

▪ etw \sparen to save sth

2. (einsparen)

▪ etw \sparen to save sth

Arbeit/Energie/Strom/Zeit \sparen to save work/energy/electricity/time

3. (ersparen)

▪ jdm/sich etw \sparen to spare sb/oneself sth

jdm/sich die Mühe/Ärger \sparen to spare sb/oneself the effort/trouble

den Weg hätten wir uns \sparen können we could have saved ourselves that journey

4. (verzichten)

▪ sich dat etw \sparen to keep sth to oneself

deinen Ratschlag hättest du dir \sparen können you could have kept your advice to yourself

II. vi

1. FIN (Geld zurücklegen) to save

▪ auf [o für] etw \sparen to save up for sth

2. (sparsam sein)

▪ [an etw dat] \sparen to economize [on sth]

nicht mit Anerkennung/Lob \sparen to be unstinting [or generous] in one's recognition/praise

am falschen Ende \sparen (fam) to be penny-wise and pound-foolish

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transitives Verb save

1)

2) (sparsam wirtschaften) economize ( mit on)

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Sparen n; -s, kein pl; auf Sparkonto etc: saving; bei Ausgaben: economizing

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transitives Verb save

1)

2) (sparsam wirtschaften) economize ( mit on)

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to economise (UK) v.

to economize (US) v.

to save v.

to spare v.

saving [ˈseɪvɪŋ]

1. noun

[of time, money] économie f ; (in bank) épargne f

• we must make savings il faut économiser

• a considerable saving in time and money une économie considérable de temps et d'argent

• the government is trying to encourage saving le gouvernement cherche à encourager l'épargne

2. plural noun

savings économies fpl

• to live on one's savings vivre de ses économies

• the value of savings was eroded by inflation l'épargne a été grignotée par l'inflation

3. compounds

► saving grace noun

• the film's only saving grace is... la seule chose qui rachète le film, c'est... ► savings account noun (British) compte m d'épargne ; (US) compte m de dépôt

► savings and loan association noun (US) société f de crédit immobilier

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1) ( reduction) économie f (in de; on sur)

2) [U] Finance ( activity) épargne f

3) ( conservation) économie f

savings plural noun économies fpl

- saving combining form

saving

A n

1 ( reduction) économie f (in de ; on sur) ; a 25% saving une économie de 25% ; to make savings faire des économies ;

2 ¢ Econ, Fin ( activity) épargne f ; to learn about saving apprendre à épargner ;

3 ( conservation) économie f ; energy saving économies fpl d'énergie.

B savings npl économies fpl ; to live off one's savings vivre de ses économies ; to lose one's life savings perdre les économies de toute une vie.

C - saving (dans composés) energy-/fuel-saving qui réduit la consommation d'énergie/de carburant ; ⇒ face-saving, labour-saving etc.

D ‡ prep sout sauf ; saving your presence sauf votre respect†.

1) эк. экономика; хозяйство

2)

а) эк. бережливость, расчет, расчетливость, экономия, экономность, экономичность

б) эк., обычно мн. сэкономленное; сбережения

3) общ. организация, строение, структура, устройство, система

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1. совокупность производственных отношений, соответствующих данной степени развития производственных сил общества

2. хозяйство района, республики, страны, группы стран или всего мира

save

A n

1 Sport arrêt m de but ;

2 Comput sauvegarde f.

B vtr

1 ( rescue) sauver [person, environment, job, match, film, marriage, sanity] (from de) ; to save sb's sight/leg sauver la vue/la jambe à qn ; to save sb/sth from doing empêcher qn/qch de faire ; to save sb from himself protéger qn contre lui-même ; to save lives sauver des vies humaines ; to save sb's life lit, fig sauver la vie à qn ; he can't speak German to save his life ○ ! il est absolument incapable de parler allemand! ; to save the day ou the situation sauver la situation (by doing en faisant) ; to save face sauver la face ;

2 (put by, keep) mettre [qch] de côté [money, food] (to do pour faire) ; garder [goods, documents] (for pour) ; to have money saved avoir de l'argent de côté ; to save sth for sb, to save sb sth garder [qch] pour qn [place, food] ; to save sth for future generations préserver qch pour les générations à venir ; to save a dance/an evening for sb réserver une danse/une soirée à qn ; to save sth until the end ou till last garder qch pour la fin ;

3 ( economize on) économiser [money, fuel, energy, water] (by doing en faisant) ; gagner [time, space] (by doing en faisant) ; to save one's energy/voice ménager ses forces/sa voix ; you'll save money/£20 vous ferez des économies/une économie de 20 livres ; to save sb sth faire économiser qch à qn [money] ; éviter qch à qn [trouble, expense, journey] ; faire gagner qch à qn [time] ; it will save us time/money cela nous fera gagner du temps/de l'argent ; to save sb/sth (from) doing éviter à qn/qch de faire ; to save doing éviter de faire ;

4 Sport arrêter [goal, penalty] ;

5 Relig sauver [soul, mankind] (from de) ;

6 Comput sauvegarder, enregistrer [file, data] (on, to sur) ;

7 ( collect) collectionner [stamps, cards].

C vi

1 ( put by funds) = save up ;

2 ( economize) économiser, faire des économies ; to save on faire des économies de [energy, paper, heating].

D v refl to save oneself

1 ( rescue oneself) lit, fig s'en tirer (by doing en faisant) ; to save oneself from doing éviter de faire ; to save oneself from drowning éviter la noyade ;

2 (keep energy, virginity) se réserver (for pour) ;

3 ( avoid waste) to save oneself money économiser ; to save oneself time gagner du temps ; to save oneself trouble/a journey s'éviter des tracas/un déplacement.

E ‡ prep sauf ; save for à l'exception de, hormis liter ; save that he was a friend s'il n'avait été un ami.

save it ○ ! ça va, à d'autres ○ !

■ save up:

▶ save up faire des économies, mettre de l'argent de côté (to do pour faire) ; to save up for ou towards mettre de l'argent de côté pour s'acheter [car, house] ; mettre de l'argent de côté pour s'offrir [holiday, trip] ;

▶ save up [sth], save [sth] up mettre [qch] de côté [money] (to do pour faire) ; collectionner [stamps, newspapers].

SUBJECT AREA: Land transport, Railways and locomotives, Steam and internal combustion engines

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Orphaned as a child, Hamilton went to work for Southern Pacific Railroad in his teens, and then worked for several other companies. In his spare time he learned mathematics and physics from a retired professor. In 1911 he joined the White Motor Company, makers of road motor vehicles in Denver, Colorado, where he had gone to recuperate from malaria. He remained there until 1922, apart from an eighteenth-month break for war service.

Upon his return from war service, Hamilton found White selling petrol-engined railbuses with mechanical transmission, based on road vehicles, to railways. He noted that they were not robust enough and that the success of petrol railcars with electric transmission, built by General Electric since 1906, was limited as they were complex to drive and maintain. In 1922 Hamilton formed, and became President of, the Electro- Motive Engineering Corporation (later Electro-Motive Corporation) to design and produce petrol-electric rail cars. Needing an engine larger than those used in road vehicles, yet lighter and faster than marine engines, he approached the Win ton Engine Company to develop a suitable engine; in addition, General Electric provided electric transmission with a simplified control system. Using these components, Hamilton arranged for his petrol-electric railcars to be built by the St Louis Car Company, with the first being completed in 1924. It was the beginning of a highly successful series. Fuel costs were lower than for steam trains and initial costs were kept down by using standardized vehicles instead of designing for individual railways. Maintenance costs were minimized because Electro-Motive kept stocks of spare parts and supplied replacement units when necessary. As more powerful, 800 hp (600 kW) railcars were produced, railways tended to use them to haul trailer vehicles, although that practice reduced the fuel saving. By the end of the decade Electro-Motive needed engines more powerful still and therefore had to use cheap fuel. Diesel engines of the period, such as those that Winton had made for some years, were too heavy in relation to their power, and too slow and sluggish for rail use. Their fuel-injection system was erratic and insufficiently robust and Hamilton concluded that a separate injector was needed for each cylinder.

In 1930 Electro-Motive Corporation and Winton were acquired by General Motors in pursuance of their aim to develop a diesel engine suitable for rail traction, with the use of unit fuel injectors; Hamilton retained his position as President. At this time, industrial depression had combined with road and air competition to undermine railway-passenger business, and Ralph Budd, President of the Chicago, Burlington \& Quincy Railroad, thought that traffic could be recovered by way of high-speed, luxury motor trains; hence the Pioneer Zephyr was built for the Burlington. This comprised a 600 hp (450 kW), lightweight, two-stroke, diesel engine developed by General Motors (model 201 A), with electric transmission, that powered a streamlined train of three articulated coaches. This train demonstrated its powers on 26 May 1934 by running non-stop from Denver to Chicago, a distance of 1,015 miles (1,635 km), in 13 hours and 6 minutes, when the fastest steam schedule was 26 hours. Hamilton and Budd were among those on board the train, and it ushered in an era of high-speed diesel trains in the USA. By then Hamilton, with General Motors backing, was planning to use the lightweight engine to power diesel-electric locomotives. Their layout was derived not from steam locomotives, but from the standard American boxcar. The power plant was mounted within the body and powered the bogies, and driver's cabs were at each end. Two 900 hp (670 kW) engines were mounted in a single car to become an 1,800 hp (l,340 kW) locomotive, which could be operated in multiple by a single driver to form a 3,600 hp (2,680 kW) locomotive. To keep costs down, standard locomotives could be mass-produced rather than needing individual designs for each railway, as with steam locomotives. Two units of this type were completed in 1935 and sent on trial throughout much of the USA. They were able to match steam locomotive performance, with considerable economies: fuel costs alone were halved and there was much less wear on the track. In the same year, Electro-Motive began manufacturing diesel-electrie locomotives at La Grange, Illinois, with design modifications: the driver was placed high up above a projecting nose, which improved visibility and provided protection in the event of collision on unguarded level crossings; six-wheeled bogies were introduced, to reduce axle loading and improve stability. The first production passenger locomotives emerged from La Grange in 1937, and by early 1939 seventy units were in service. Meanwhile, improved engines had been developed and were being made at La Grange, and late in 1939 a prototype, four-unit, 5,400 hp (4,000 kW) diesel-electric locomotive for freight trains was produced and sent out on test from coast to coast; production versions appeared late in 1940. After an interval from 1941 to 1943, when Electro-Motive produced diesel engines for military and naval use, locomotive production resumed in quantity in 1944, and within a few years diesel power replaced steam on most railways in the USA.

Hal Hamilton remained President of Electro-Motive Corporation until 1942, when it became a division of General Motors, of which he became Vice-President.

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énergie [enεʀʒi]

• dépenser beaucoup d'énergie à faire qch to use up a great deal of energy doing sth

• avec énergie energetically

• consommation d'énergie [de moteur, véhicule] fuel consumption ; [d'industrie, pays] energy consumption

• source d'énergie source of energy

► énergie atomique atomic energy

► les énergies douces alternative energies

► énergie électrique electrical energy

► énergie éolienne wind power

► les énergies fossiles fossil fuels

► énergies nouvelles new energy sources

► énergie nucléaire nuclear energy

► énergies renouvelables renewable energy sources

► énergie solaire solar energy

► les énergies de substitution alternative energies

* * *

1) Économie energy

2) Physique energy; Technologie energy, power

3) ( force) energy

* * *

1) TECHNIQUE energy, power

2) PHYSIQUE energy

3) (= dynamisme) energy

4) (= force morale) vigour Grande-Bretagne vigor USA spirit

* * *

énergie nf

1 Écon energy; consommation/production d'énergie energy consumption/production; faire des économies d'énergie to save energy; encourager les économies d'énergie to encourage energy efficiency; consommer/stocker de l'énergie to consume/store energy; crise de l'énergie energy crisis;

2 Phys energy; Tech energy, power; énergie solaire solar energy; énergie nucléaire nuclear power ou energy; énergie éolienne windpower; énergies nouvelles/renouvables new/renewable energy sources;

3 ( force) energy; plein d'énergie full of energy; dépenser son énergie à faire to use up one's energy doing; avec l'énergie de la jeunesse with the energy of youth; énergie créatrice/psychique creative/psychic energy; avoir/trouver l'énergie de faire to have/find the energy to do; mettre toute son énergie à faire qch to put all one's energy ou energies into doing sth; avec l'énergie du désespoir driven on by despair; avec énergie [travailler] energetically; [agir] forcefully; [protester] strongly; mobiliser toutes les énergies to mobilize all resources.

[enɛrʒi] nom féminin

1. [dynamisme] energy, stamina, drive

2. [force] energy, vigour, strength

3. SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGIE energy, power

4. PSYCHOLOGIE

énergie psychique psychic energy

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énergies nom féminin pluriel

nous aurons besoin de toutes les énergies we'll need all the help we can get